Total control (n = 100) | Final analysis (n = 82) | Lost to follow-up (n = 18) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Site | 0.037 | |||
Hawai‘i | 50 (50.0) | 37 (45.1) | 13 (72.2) | |
Puerto Rico | 50 (50.0) | 45 (54.9) | 5 (27.8) | |
Maternal factors | ||||
Pregravid BMI (mean [SD]) | 26.1 [6.9] | 26.3 [7.0] | 24.8 [6.6] | 0.340 |
Underweight or normal | 56 (56.0) | 44 (53.7) | 12 (66.7) | |
Overweight or obese | 44 (44.0) | 38 (46.3) | 6 (33.3) | |
Age (mean [SD]) | 27.0 [5.0] | 26.9 [4.7] | 27.4 [6.5] | 0.958 |
18–24 years | 33 (33.0) | 27 (32.9) | 6 (33.3) | |
25–31 years | 47 (47.0) | 39 (47.6) | 8 (44.4) | |
32–39 years | 20 (20.0) | 16 (19.5) | 4 (22.2) | |
Racea/ethnicity | ||||
Hispanic | 60 (60.0) | 51 (62.2) | 9 (56.3) | 0.655 |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 17 (17.0) | 12 (14.6) | 5 (27.8) | 0.179 |
Asian | 20 (20.0) | 14 (17.1) | 6 (33.3) | 0.118 |
American Indian or Alaska Native | 4 (4.0) | 3 (3.7) | 1 (5.6) | 0.555 |
Black or African American | 12 (12.0) | 11 (13.4) | 1 (5.6) | 0.689 |
White | 45 (45.0) | 40 (48.8) | 5 (27.8) | 0.105 |
Education | 0.019 | |||
Less than college | 42 (42.0) | 31 (37.8) | 11 (61.1) | |
Some college | 22 (22.0) | 22 (26.8) | 0 (0) | |
College degree or higher | 36 (36.0) | 29 (35.4) | 7 (38.9) | |
Parity | 0.112 | |||
1 | 38 (38.0) | 32 (39.0) | 6 (33.3) | |
2 | 43 (43.0) | 34 (41.5) | 9 (50.0) | |
3 or 4 | 19 (19.0) | 16 (19.5) | 3 (16.7) | |
Use of prenatal vitamins | 98 (98.0) | 82 (100.0) | 16 (88.9) | 0.031b |
Pregnancy complications | 41 (41.0) | 31 (37.8) | 10 (55.6) | 0.166 |
Took vitamins while breastfeeding | 53 (53.0) | 42 (51.2) | 11 (68.8) | 0.319 |
Gestational age (weeks; mean [SD]) | 38.9 [1.0] | 38.9 [1.0] | 38.9 [1.1] | 0.844 |
GWG (kg; mean [SD]) | 12.7 [5.5] | 12.6 [5.5] | 13.0 [5.9] | 0.759 |
Infant factors | ||||
Male | 52 (52.0) | 40 (48.8) | 12 (66.7) | 0.169 |
Female | 48 (48.0) | 42 (51.2) | 6 (33.3) | |
Up-to-date with vaccinations | 81 (81.0) | 65 (79.3) | 16 (88.9) | 0.512 |