From: Socio-demographic trends in overweight and obesity among parous and nulliparous women in Ghana
 | Parous women | Nulliparous women | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2003 | 2008 | 2014 | 2003 | 2008 | 2014 | |||||||
Characteristic | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N |
Age group (years) | ||||||||||||
 15–24 | 15.9 | 519 | 15.2 | 434 | 14.0 | 406 | 84.0 | 1313 | 82.7 | 1258 | 79.3 | 1086 |
 25–34 | 38.0 | 1244 | 36.8 | 1053 | 36.2 | 1049 | 12.5 | 195 | 14.0 | 212 | 17.2 | 236 |
 35–44 | 32.9 | 1076 | 33.9 | 969 | 35.7 | 1033 | 3.1 | 49 | 3.0 | 46 | 3.3 | 45 |
 45+ | 13.2 | 432 | 14.1 | 403 | 14.1 | 410 | 0.4 | 6 | 0.3 | 5 | 0.2 | 3 |
Educational level | ||||||||||||
 No education | 35.6 | 1164 | 28.5 | 815 | 26.0 | 753 | 11.4 | 179 | 5.6 | 85 | 3.9 | 54 |
 Primary | 6.7 | 219 | 23.2 | 662 | 19.9 | 577 | 14.2 | 222 | 14.1 | 215 | 14.7 | 201 |
 Middle/JSS/JHS | 25.4 | 832 | 46.1 | 1319 | 40.8 | 1183 | 56.6 | 885 | 73.7 | 1121 | 41.6 | 570 |
 Secondary/higher | 32.3 | 1056 | 2.2 | 63 | 13.3 | 385 | 17.8 | 277 | 6.6 | 100 | 39.8 | 545 |
Marital status | ||||||||||||
 Never married | 3.7 | 121 | 6.2 | 178 | 8.2 | 237 | 86.0 | 1344 | 88.1 | 1341 | 88.7 | 1215 |
 Married | 74.3 | 2429 | 63.7 | 1821 | 56.8 | 1647 | 6.6 | 103 | 5.4 | 82 | 6.1 | 84 |
 Cohabiting | 8.7 | 286 | 16.0 | 458 | 18.9 | 549 | 4.4 | 69 | 4.6 | 69 | 3.9 | 54 |
 Previously married | 13.3 | 435 | 14.1 | 402 | 16.1 | 465 | 3.0 | 47 | 1.9 | 29 | 1.3 | 17 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||||||||
 Poorest | 19.8 | 648 | 18.2 | 520 | 17.4 | 505 | 9.3 | 146 | 9.7 | 148 | 14.8 | 203 |
 Poorer | 19.3 | 630 | 20.3 | 580 | 18.0 | 521 | 11.2 | 176 | 12.9 | 196 | 15.0 | 206 |
 Middle | 20.6 | 672 | 20.4 | 583 | 22.3 | 647 | 15.0 | 234 | 19.2 | 292 | 17.6 | 241 |
 Richer | 19.9 | 652 | 22.8 | 652 | 22.0 | 638 | 26.2 | 409 | 24.9 | 379 | 23.1 | 316 |
 Richest | 20.4 | 669 | 18.3 | 524 | 20.3 | 587 | 38.3 | 598 | 33.3 | 506 | 29.5 | 404 |
Occupation | ||||||||||||
 Not working | 9.5 | 311 | 8.8 | 252 | 13.0 | 380 | 51.6 | 806 | 52.1 | 792 | 45.4 | 622 |
 Prof/managerial | 8.5 | 278 | 11.5 | 330 | 6.8 | 197 | 13.5 | 211 | 18.2 | 277 | 12.5 | 171 |
 Sales/trade | 30.6 | 1002 | 39.7 | 1136 | 42.9 | 1240 | 16.0 | 250 | 14.4 | 219 | 23.9 | 328 |
 Agric | 37.4 | 1224 | 32.0 | 910 | 23.9 | 691 | 7.2 | 113 | 6.6 | 101 | 7.3 | 100 |
 Manual | 14.0 | 456 | 8.0 | 231 | 13.4 | 390 | 11.7 | 183 | 8.7 | 132 | 10.9 | 149 |
Type of locality | ||||||||||||
 Urban | 41.7 | 1365 | 43.9 | 1255 | 51.7 | 1498 | 64.8 | 1013 | 59.5 | 905 | 61.4 | 841 |
 Rural | 58.3 | 1906 | 56.1 | 1604 | 48.3 | 1400 | 35.2 | 550 | 40.5 | 616 | 38.6 | 529 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
 Akan | 50.0 | 1634 | 50.5 | 1446 | 51.7 | 1499 | 53.6 | 838 | 52.9 | 806 | 50.4 | 690 |
 Ga/Adangme | 8.7 | 285 | 6.4 | 182 | 7.3 | 211 | 8.8 | 137 | 8.7 | 132 | 8.8 | 121 |
 Ewe | 13.3 | 437 | 13.0 | 372 | 12.9 | 373 | 14.1 | 220 | 12.1 | 184 | 13.7 | 188 |
 Mole-Dagbani | 13.1 | 429 | 17.0 | 485 | 14.1 | 410 | 8.8 | 137 | 12.8 | 195 | 13.9 | 191 |
 Gurma | 2.5 | 82 | 3.6 | 103 | 5.8 | 168 | 1.7 | 27 | 3.2 | 48 | 5.5 | 75 |
 Others | 12.4 | 404 | 9.5 | 271 | 8.2 | 237 | 13.0 | 204 | 10.3 | 156 | 7.7 | 105 |
Number of children | ||||||||||||
 1 | 20.1 | 658 | 19.8 | 565 | 19.3 | 558 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 2 | 16.9 | 553 | 19.4 | 556 | 20.1 | 582 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 3 | 16.3 | 532 | 16.7 | 477 | 17.4 | 506 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 4 | 12.9 | 424 | 15.1 | 431 | 14.1 | 409 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 5 | 10.8 | 351 | 10.4 | 296 | 11.2 | 325 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 6 | 8.8 | 288 | 7.5 | 213 | 8.3 | 239 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 7+ | 14.2 | 465 | 11.2 | 321 | 9.6 | 279 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BMI group | ||||||||||||
 Underweight | 8.0 | 262 | 6.8 | 193 | 4.1 | 119 | 12.0 | 187 | 12.1 | 185 | 10.6 | 145 |
 Normal | 61.9 | 2025 | 57.2 | 1636 | 48.0 | 1392 | 72.8 | 1138 | 69.4 | 1055 | 65.8 | 902 |
 Overweight | 19.6 | 640 | 23.9 | 685 | 28.3 | 820 | 12.3 | 192 | 14.5 | 221 | 17.4 | 239 |
 Obese | 10.5 | 344 | 12.1 | 345 | 19.6 | 567 | 2.9 | 46 | 4.0 | 60 | 6.2 | 84 |
 Total | 100 | 3271 | 100 | 2859 | 100 | 2898 | 100 | 1563 | 100 | 1521 | 100 | 1370 |