Self-reported sleep quality, weight status and depression in young adult twins and siblings

BMC Obesity

Table 2 ANOVA and ANCOVA results with sleep quality as the outcome

	N	Sleep quality^a* Mean (SE)	ANOVA p-value	ANCOVA Model 1^† p-value	ANCOVA Model 2^† p-value
Weight status			0.058	0.288	0.384
Underweight	116	6.27 (0.28)
Healthy weight	984	5.58 (0.10)
Overweight	199	5.92 (0.21)
Obese	66	6.01 (0.37)
Depression^b*			<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
1 (fewer)	427	3.92 (0.13)
2	416	5.26 (0.13)
3	321	6.39 (0.15)
4 (more)	352	7.69 (0.14)
Anxiety^c*			<0.001	0.368	0.204
1 (fewer)	428	4.42 (0.14)
2	349	5.25 (0.15)
3	368	5.93 (0.15)
4 (more)	373	7.33 (0.15)
General health^d*			<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
1 (better)	298	4.34 (0.16)
2	622	5.36 (0.11)
3	419	6.23 (0.14)
4	136	7.41 (0.24)
5 (poorer)	39	9.01 (0.45)

^†Model 1 included weight status, depression, anxiety and general health; Model 2 included weight status, depression, anxiety and general health, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, education and alcohol. ^aSleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality.[38] ^bDepression symptoms were measured using the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire.[26] ^cAnxiety symptoms were measured using the Revised Symptoms of Anxiety Scale.[7] ^dGeneral health was measured using a single, self-report item. *Higher scores for sleep quality, depression, anxiety and general health indicate poorer sleep quality, greater number of depression symptoms, greater number of anxiety symptoms and poorer health, respectively

ISSN: 2052-9538