Risk factor | Category | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean difference | 95% CI | Mean difference | 95% CI | Mean difference | 95% CI | ||
Pregnancy risk factors | |||||||
Smoked during pregnancy | No | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Yes | 0.29 | (0.11, 0.47) | 0.21 | (0.01, 0.41) | 0.33 | (0.13, 0.53) | |
Gestational diabetes | No | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Yes | −0.13 | (−0.35, 0.09) | −0.13 | (−0.35, 0.10) | −0.11 | (−0.33, 0.11) | |
Maternal booking BMI | Underweight/normal | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Overweight | 0.27 | (0.12, 0.42) | 0.26 | (0.11, 0.42) | 0.23 | (0.08, 0.38) | |
Obese | 0.48 | (0.31, 0.66) | 0.45 | (0.27, 0.63) | 0.37 | (0.19, 0.55) | |
Postnatal risk factors | |||||||
Duration of any breastfeeding | Never | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
1 day to 1 month | 0.22 | (0.09, 0.40) | 0.23 | (0.06, 0.41) | 0.22 | (0.05, 0.40) | |
1 to 4 months | 0.08 | (−0.12, 0.27) | 0.16 | (−0.04, 0.36) | 0.14 | (−0.06, 0.33) | |
4+ months | 0.04 | (−0.14, 0.22) | 0.05 | (−0.14, 0.23) | 0.06 | (−0.12, 0.24) | |
Weaned <17 weeks | No | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Yes | 0.13 | (−0.02, 0.29) | 0.05 | (−0.11, 0.20) | −0.05 | (−0.21, 0.10) | |
Daily protein intake | Per 1SD increase | 0.08 | (0.01, 0.15) | 0.05 | (−0.02, 0.12) | 0.02 | (−0.12, 0.15) |
Daily total energy | Per 1SD increase | 0.08 | (0.01, 0.14) | 0.05 | (−0.02, 0.12) | 0.04 | (−0.10, 0.17) |
Caregivers feeding style | Authoritative | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Authoritarian | −0.11 | (−0.32, 0.10) | −0.07 | (−0.27, 0.14) | −0.10 | (−0.31, 0.11) | |
Indulgent | 0.24 | (0.04, 0.45) | 0.19 | (−0.01, 0.40) | 0.15 | (−0.06, 0.36) | |
Uninvolved | 0.06 | (−0.18, 0.29) | 0.04 | (−0.19, 0.27) | 0.05 | (−0.18, 0.28) | |
Parental self-efficacy | High | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Lower scores (bottom quintile) | −0.10 | (−0.27, 0.07) | −0.13 | (−0.30, 0.04) | −0.18 | (−0.35, 0.00) | |
Parental warmth | High | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Lower scores (bottom quintile) | 0.13 | (−0.02, 0.29) | 0.19 | (0.03, 0.34) | 0.21 | (0.05, 0.36) | |
Hostile parenting | Low | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Higher scores (top quintile) | 0.11 | (−0.05, 0.26) | 0.09 | (−0.06, 0.25) | 0.17 | (0.01, 0.33) | |
Infant TV viewing time | None | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
0-1 hour | −0.16 | (−0.44, 0.11) | −0.18 | (−0.45, 0.09) | −0.15 | (−0.41, 0.12) | |
1-2 hours | −0.06 | (−0.35, 0.22) | −0.07 | (−0.35, 0.21) | −0.02 | (−0.30, 0.25) | |
>2 hours | −0.17 | (−0.45, 0.11) | −0.11 | (−0.38, 0.17) | −0.02 | (−0.30, 0.25) | |
Maternal TV viewing time | 0-2 hours | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
2-4 hours | 0.03 | (−0.12, 0.18) | −0.02 | (−0.16, 0.13) | −0.08 | (−0.23, 0.07) | |
>4 hours | −0.26 | (−0.46, −0.05) | −0.29 | (−0.49, −0.08) | −0.39 | (−0.60, −0.18) | |
Infant sleep duration | <11 hours | 0.03 | (−0.16, 0.23) | 0.10 | (−0.10, 0.29) | 0.11 | (−0.08, 0.30) |
11-12 hours | 0.08 | (−0.10, 0.26) | 0.07 | (−0.11, 0.24) | 0.04 | (−0.14, 0.21) | |
12-13 hours | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - | |
13+ hours | −0.06 | (−0.25, 0.12) | −0.01 | (−0.19, 0.18) | −0.02 | (−0.20, 0.17) | |
Maternal activity level | Sedentary | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - |
Insufficiently active | 0.06 | (−0.13, 0.26) | 0.04 | (−0.15, 0.23) | 0.08 | (−0.11, 0.27) | |
Sufficiently active | 0.20 | (0.00, 0.40) | 0.07 | (−0.13, 0.27) | 0.11 | (−0.09, 0.31) |